Anatomía Comparada del Bazo de la Rata Blanca (Rattus norvegicus albinus), Una Revisión de la Literatura / Comparative Anatomy of the Spleen of the White Rat, (Rattus norvegicus albinus) a Literature Review

El bazo es el órgano linfático intraperitoneal más grande del organismo, presentando dos funciones principales: defensiva, mediante respuesta inmunitaria y filtración sanguínea. El objetivo de la presente revisión, fue obtener información actualizada sobre la anatomía del bazo de la rata albina (Rattus norvegicus albinus) y comparativa con la anatomía del bazo humano, perro, gato y cerdo, al representar las principales especies de importancia en la medicina, medicina veterinaria y en las ciencias biomédicas. Se realizó una búsqueda de material bibliográfico actualizado en diferentes sitios web científicos. Es así como, se revisaron 71 fuentes bibliográficas, en su gran mayoría artículos científicos (31), libros de anatomía humana y veterinaria (17), artículos especializados (17) y tesis (6). En general existe consenso, sobre la descripción anatómica del bazo, el cual se sitúa en la región hipocondriaca izquierda del abdomen, entre el fondo del estómago y el diafragma, irrigado por la arteria y vena esplénica. Se evidenció que existen similitudes en aspectos macroscópicos, al comparar el bazo de la rata blanca, con el bazo de otras especies (funcionalidad, peso relativo, ubicación topográfica). En aspectos microscópicos, el bazo en humanos y otros mamíferos se compone de estroma, además de parénquima, constituido a su vez por pulpa blanca y roja. En particular, existen diferencias entre el bazo de rata, humano, gato, perro y cerdo, en formas, tamaños y aspectos microscópicos, relacionados con la microcirculación e inmunidad. Mientras que existen semejanzas en procesos patológicos y respuestas a tratamientos farmacológicos y clínicos. Por lo anteriormente expuesto, se concluye que la rata albina constituye un buen modelo biológico, específicamente en aspectos anatómicos microscópicos del bazo de tipo inmunológico. Mientras que el bazo de cerdo es mejor comparativamente, en estudios anatómicos macroscópicos de tipo quirúrgicos, resultando ambos extrapolables, especialmente a la medicina humana.

SUMMARY: The spleen is the largest intraperitoneal lymphatic organ of the body, presenting two main functions: defensive, through immune response and blood filtration. The objective of the present review was to obtain updated information on the anatomy of the spleen of the albino rat (Rattus norvegicus albinus) and to compare it with the anatomy of the human, dog, cat and pig spleen, representing the main species of importance in medicine, veterinary medicine and biomedical sciences. A search for updated bibliographic material was carried out in different scientific websites. Thus, 71 bibliographic sources were reviewed, mostly scientific articles (31), human and veterinary anatomy books (17), specialized articles (17) and theses (6). In general, there is consensus on the anatomical description of the spleen, which is located in the left hypochondriac region of the abdomen between the fundus of the stomach and the diaphragm, irrigated by the splenic artery and vein. It was evidenced that there are similarities in macroscopic aspects when comparing the spleen of the white rat with the spleen of other species (functionality, relative weight, topographic location). In microscopic aspects, the spleen in humans and other mammals is composed of stroma, in addition to parenchyma, constituted in turn by white and red pulp. In particular, there are differences between rat, human, cat, dog and pig spleens in shapes, sizes and microscopic aspects related to microcirculation and immunity. While there are similarities in pathological processes and responses to pharmacological and clinical treatments. For the above mentioned, it is concluded that the albino rat constitutes a good biological model, specifically in microscopic anatomical aspects of the spleen of immunological type. While the pig spleen is comparatively better in macroscopic anatomical studies of surgical type, both are extrapolable especially to human medicine.

Validation of 2d ultrasound and volume estimation formulae for volume assessment of kidneys and spleens: an in-vitro study / alidación de la fórmula de estimación de volumen y ultrasonido 2D para la evaluación del volumen de los riñones y el bazo: un estudio in vitro

The accuracy of internal organ volume estimation done with ultrasound (US) was found to be multifactorial. Hence, we aimed to describe and validate the volume assessment of ultrasound and standard volume estimation formulae for different shaped intra-abdominal organs using spleens and kidneys.Dissected cadaveric kidneys (n=25) and spleens (n=29) were scanned to obtain linear measurements and ultrasound auto-generated volumes (USV). Linear measurements were used to calculate the volumes manually with ellipsoid, prolate, and Lambert volume estimating formulae. The actual volumes (AV) of organs were obtained by the water displacement method. Volume assessment accuracy of USV and different formulae were compared by comparing bias, precision and Bland-Altman plot analysis. The US linear and volume measurement procedure was reliable with high inter and intra-observer agreements (linear: Chronbach's α=0.983 to 0.934; volumes: Chronbach's α=0.989). USV estimates were accurate with a high correlation to AV and low estimation bias (-5.9%). Also, prolate (bias=-0.75%) and ellipsoid formulae (bias=-3.75%) were reliable with a negligible bias in estimated volumes. Contrary, the Lambert formula was unreliable due to a high bias (41.6%). For all evaluated methods, the estimation error found to be related to the organ size (T=3.483; p=0.001), mainly when the assessed organ is larger than 50 ml. Also, the shape related estimation error found to be related to the volume estimation formula used.This study has validated the USV for kidney and splenic volume assessments while describing volume-calculating formula employed, organ size and shape as significant contributors for volume estimation accuracy.

Se encontró que la precisión de la estimación del volumen de órganos internos realizada con ultrasonido (US) es multifactorial. El objetivo fue describir y validar la evaluación de volumen mediante ecografía y las fórmulas estándar de estimación de volumen para órganos intraabdominales de diferentes formas utilizando bazos y riñones.Se evaluaron riñones cadavéricos disecados (n = 25) y bazos (n = 29) para obtener medidas lineales y volúmenes autogenerados por ultrasonido (USV). Se utilizaron medidas lineales para calcular los volúmenes manualmente con fórmulas de estimación de volumen elipsoide, prolate y Lambert. Los volúmenes reales (AV) de los órganos se obtuvieron mediante el método de desplazamiento de agua. Se comparó la precisión de la evaluación del volumen de USV y diferentes fórmulas comparando el sesgo, la precisión y el análisis de la gráfica de Bland-Altman. El procedimiento de medición lineal y de volumen mediante US fue confiable con alta concordancia inter e intraobservadores (lineal: α de Chronbach = 0,983 a 0,934; volúmenes: α de Chronbach = 0,989). Las estimaciones de USV fueron precisas con una alta correlación con AV y un bajo sesgo de estimación (-5,9%). Además, las fórmulas prolate (sesgo= -0,75%) y elipsoide (sesgo = -3,75%) fueron confiables con un sesgo insignificante en los volúmenes estimados. Por el contrario, la fórmula de Lambert no fue confiable debido a un alto sesgo (41,6%). Para todos los métodos evaluados, se encontró que el error de estimación estaba relacionado con el tamaño del órgano (T = 3.483; p = 0.001), principalmente cuando el órgano evaluado es mayor de 50 ml. Además, se encontró que el error de estimación de forma está relacionado con la fórmula de estimación de volumen utilizada.Este estudio ha validado el USV para evaluaciones de volumen renal y esplénico al mismo tiempo que describe la fórmula de cálculo de volumen empleada, el tamaño y la forma de los órganos como contribuyentes significativos de la precisión de la estimación de volumen.

Presencia y biometría de bazo accesorio en individuos chilenos: estudio por tomografía computarizada / Presence and biometry of accessory spleen in Chilean individuals: study by computerized tomography

El bazo se localiza en el cuadrante superior izquierdo del abdomen, relacionándose posteriormente con la 9a a 11a costilla, de las que se separa por el diafragma y el receso costodiafragmático, se localiza por detrás del estómago y lateralmente al riñón izquierdo. Por alteraciones en su desarrollo pueden generarse bazos accesorios (BA), considerándose un tejido ectópico del bazo. Se consideran tejido normal, con los mismos procesos fisiológicos que el bazo principal. Con el propósito de localizar y determinar aspectos biométricos de los mismos, se realizó un estudio de corte transversal y de carácter descriptivo, sobre una muestra de 220 exámenes de TC pertenecientes a pacientes mayores de 18 años del Hospital Regional Hernán Henríquez Aravena, Temuco, Chile. Para este estudio se excluyeron toda aquellas TC con antecedentes de esplenectomía y lesiones de Bazo o peri-esplénicas. El análisis de los datos mostró una prevalencia de 32,3 % de BA, pudiendo ser de una única presencia, dos e incluso tres BA por paciente.De un total de 71 personas que tienen al menos un BA, 34 (47,89 %) fueron de sexo femenino y 37 (52,11 %) de sexo masculino. Hubo 56 pacientes (78,9 %) con un BA, 29 (40,85 %) del sexo femenino y 27 (38,03 %) del masculino; 15 (21,1 %) presentaron más de un BA, 5 (7,04 %) de sexo femenino y 10 (14,08 %) de sexo masculino, si bien se puede observar variación en la cantidad de BA según sexo, no existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre dichas variables. La ubicación más frecuente encontrada en el plano axial fue la zona antero-medial con 59 casos (66,29 %); asimismo, en el plano sagital, la localización más frecuente fue en el polo inferior con 40 casos (44,44 %). Datos biométricos de estos BA son mostrados en Tablas. Esta información será de gran valor morfológico y médico debido a la escasa literatura existente sobre esta materia en individuos chilenos.

The spleen is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, subsequently related to the 9th to 11th rib, from which it is separated by the diaphragm and the cost-diaphragmatic recess, it is located behind the stomach and laterally to the left kidney. Due to alterations in its development, accessory spleens (AS) can be generated, being considered an ectopic tissue of the spleen. The AS are considered normal tissue, with the same physiological processes as the main spleen. With the purpose of locating and determining biometric aspects of them, a cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out on a sample of 220 CT scans belonging to patients over 18 years of age at the Hernán Henríquez Aravena Regional Hospital, Temuco, Chile. For this study, all CT scans with a history of splenectomy and spleen or peri-splenic lesions were excluded. The analysis of the data showed a prevalence of 32.3 % of AS, being able to be of a single presence, two and even three AS per patient. Of a total of 71 people who have at least one AS, 34 (47.89 %) were female and 37 (52.11 %) male. There were 56 patients (78.9 %) with a one AS, 29 (40.85 %) of the female sex and 27 (38.03 %) of the male; 15 (21.1 %) presented more than one AS, 5 (7.04 %) female and 10 (14.08 %) male, although variation in the amount of AS according to sex can be observed, no there is a statistically significant relationship between these variables. The most frequent location found in the axial plane was the anteromedial zone with 59 cases (66.29 %); also, in the sagittal plane, the most frequent location was in the lower pole with 40 cases (44.44 %). Biometric data of these AS are shown in tables. This information will be of great morphological and medical value due to the limited existing literature on this subject in Chilean individuals.

Variantes anatómicas de la arteria esplénica / Anatomic variants of the splenic artery

Introducción: la arteria esplénica es uno de los tres ramos del tronco celiaco que irriga el bazo y emite ramos al estómago y al páncreas. Objetivo: determinar las características morfológicas de la arteria esplénica. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, longitudinal, prospectivo, observacional y descriptivo, en 26 bloques, provenientes de cadáveres sin cirugías abdominales, ni enfermedades hematológicas, en el Hospital Provincial Universitario "Celia Sánchez Manduley", de Manzanillo, provincia Granma. Los bloques fueron lavados, fijados y disecados por el método macroscópico directo. Resultados: La arteria esplénica se originó, mayormente en el tronco celiaco (88,46 %), su trayecto fue tortuoso en el 84,62 % de los bloques relacionándose por delante de la vena esplénica (80,77 %). Los ramos colaterales fueron más frecuentes en el segmento pancrático (54,96%). Las arterias gástricas cortas fueron los ramos colaterales mayormente emitidos (100 %). La longitud media de la arteria esplénica fue de 14,7 cm y su diámetro medio es de 0,86 cm. El número de arterias terminales tuvo una media de 6,04, mientras que las arterias gástricas cortas se emitieron en una media de 4,76. Conclusiones: la arteria esplénica presenta un patrón de variabilidad anatómica bajo en cuanto a su origen y trayecto, pero sus relaciones, forma de terminación, y ramos colaterales presentan grandes variantes a la norma anatómica (AU).

Introduction: the splenic artery is one of the three of the celiac trunk that irrigates spleen and emits branches to the stomach and the pancreas. Objective: to determine the morphologic characteristics of the splenic artery. Materials and methods: a descriptive, observational, prospective, longitudinal and quantitative study was carried out in 26 tissue samples without abdominal surgeries nor hematologic diseases in the Teaching Provincial Hospital "Celia Sánchez Manduley" of Manzanillo, Granma. The samples were washed, fixed and dissected using the direct macroscopic method. Results: the splenic artery originated, mostly, in the celiac trunk (88.46 %), its itinerary was tortuous in 84.62 % of the samples, linking before the splenic vein (80.77 %). Collateral branches were more frequent in the pancreatic segment (54.96 %). Short gastric arteries were the mostly emitted collateral branches (100 %). The average longitude of the splenic artery was 14.7 cm and its average diameter 0.86 cm. The number of terminal arteries showed an average of 6.04 while the short gastric arteries were emitted in an average of 4.76. Conclusions: the splenic artery has a low anatomic variability pattern according to its origin and itinerary, but its relations, ending form and collateral branches show big variants from the anatomic norm (AU).

Splenic implant preservation after conservation in lactated Ringer´s solution / Preservação de implante esplênico autógeno após conservação em solução de Ringer-lactato

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the morphology and function of autogenous splenic tissue implanted in the greater omentum, 24 hours after storage in Ringer-lactate solution. Methods: we divided 35 male rats into seven groups (n=5): Group 1: no splenectomy; Group 2: total splenectomy without implant; Group 3: total splenectomy and immediate autogenous implant; Group 4: total splenectomy, preservation of the spleen in Ringer-lactate at room temperature, then sliced ​​and implanted; Group 5: total splenectomy, ​​spleen sliced and preserved in Ringer-lactate at room temperature before implantation; Group 6: total splenectomy with preservation of the spleen in Ringer-lactate at 4°C and then sliced ​​and implanted; Group 7: total splenectomy and the spleen sliced for preservation in Ringer-lactate at 4°C before implantation. After 90 days, we performed scintigraphic studies with Tc99m-colloidal tin (liver, lung, spleen or implant and clot), haematological exams (erythrogram, leucometry, platelets), biochemical dosages (protein electrophoresis) and anatomopathological studies. Results: regeneration of autogenous splenic implants occurred in the animals of the groups with preservation of the spleen at 4ºC. The uptake of colloidal tin was higher in groups 1, 3, 6 and 7 compared with the others. There was no difference in hematimetric values ​​in the seven groups. Protein electrophoresis showed a decrease in the gamma fraction in the group of splenectomized animals in relation to the operated groups. Conclusion: the splenic tissue preserved in Ringer-lactate solution at 4ºC maintains its morphological structure and allows functional recovery after being implanted on the greater omentum.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar morfologia e função de tecido esplênico autógeno, implantado no omento maior, 24 horas após conservação em solução de Ringer-lactato. Métodos: foram estudados 35 ratos machos, distribuídos em sete grupos (n=5): Grupo 1: sem esplenectomia; Grupo 2: esplenectomia total sem implante; Grupo 3: esplenectomia total e implante autógeno imediato; Grupo 4: esplenectomia total, preservação do baço em Ringer-lactato à temperatura ambiente, em seguida, fatiado e implantado; Grupo 5: esplenectomia total, baço fatiado e preservado em Ringer-lactato à temperatura ambiente antes de ser implantado; Grupo 6: esplenectomia total com preservação do baço em Ringer-lactato a 4°C e, em seguida, fatiado e implantado; Grupo 7: esplenectomia total e baço fatiado, para preservação em Ringer-lactato a 4°C antes de ser implantado. Após 90 dias, realizaram-se estudos cintilográficos com estanho coloidal-Tc99m (fígado, pulmão, baço ou implante e coágulo), hematológicos (eritrograma, leucometria, plaquetas), bioquímicos (eletroforese de proteínas) e anatomopatológicos. Resultados: ocorreu regeneração dos implantes esplênicos autógenos nos animais dos grupos com preservação do baço a 4ºC. A captação de estanho coloidal foi superior nos grupos 1, 3, 6 e 7 em relação aos demais. Não houve diferença nos valores hematimétricos nos sete grupos. A eletroforese de proteínas mostrou diminuição da fração gama no grupo de animais esplenectomizados em relação aos grupos operados. Conclusão: o tecido esplênico conservado em solução de Ringer-lactato à temperatura de 4ºC mantém sua estrutura morfológica e permite a recuperação funcional após ser implantado sobre o omento maior.

Morfologia e topografia do baço da paca ( Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766) / Morphology and topography of the spleen of paca ( Cuniculus paca )

A paca é um grande roedor, presente em parte do território brasileiro e na América Latina, cuja importância está na crescente produção comercial de carne exótica e na pesquisa científica como um promissor modelo experimental. Assim, este trabalho objetivou-se descrever a morfologia e a topografia do baço da paca (Cuniculus paca). Foram utilizadas cinco pacas adultas, machos e fêmeas, fixadas em formaldeído a 10% e armazenados em solução salina a 30% para sua conservação. Na paca, o baço tem sua localização relacionada ao estômago, ao fígado, ao rim esquerdo, ao pâncreas e ao omento maior. Possui forma irregular, sendo mais longo do que largo, possui coloração avermelhada-escura e textura lisa. Quanto à descrição histológica, apresenta cápsula de tecido conjuntivo denso que emitiu trabéculas que se projetam no parênquima. A cápsula e as trabéculas apresentam fibras musculares lisas. O parênquima è composto pela polpa branca e polpa vermelha, esta última formada por seios e cordões esplênicos.(AU)

Paca is a large rodent, distributed in part of the Brazilian territory and in Latin America, whose importance is related to the crescent commercial production of exotic meat and in scientific research as a promising experimental model. The morphology and topography of the spleen of paca (Cuniculus paca) is described. Five adult pacas, male and female, were fixed with formaldehyde 10% and stored in 30% saline solution for preservation. The spleen of paca has the anatomical position related to stomach, liver, left kidney, pancreas and greater omentum. The spleenis irregular, longer than larger, with reddish-dark color and smooth texture. Related to the histological description, the spleen has capsule of dense connective tissue that emitted trabeculae projecting into the parenchyma. The capsule and trabeculae has smooth muscle fibers. The parenchyma is composed by the white and red pulp, the latter composed with sinusoids and splenic cords.(AU)

Trypanosoma evansi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in capybaras ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris ): prevalence, effect and sexual selection / Trypanosoma evansi(Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) en capibaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris):prevalencia, efecto y selección sexual

AbstractParasites play a crucial role in the ecology of animals. They also appear to be important in mechanisms underlying sexual selection processes. In this article we study the prevalence, effect and potential role in sexual selection of the protozoon Trypanosoma evansi in capybaras, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. We collected our samples from the annual capybara cull of a ranch in Venezuela, using the volume of the snout scent gland as an indicator of dominance; the residuals of body weight as indicators of condition; and the residuals of the spleen mass as indicators of immune function. Overall prevalence was 30.9 % (N= 97) with no difference between males and females, and no relation between infection with T. evansi and condition. However, we found that infected animals had larger spleens (residuals), indicating an immunological cost of the infection. Furthermore, males with larger snout scent glands (more dominant) were less likely to be infected than males with smaller glands (less dominant), suggesting that by choosing males with a large glands, females may be using the gland as an indicator of health, which is consistent with the "good genes" view of sexual selection. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 229-237. Epub 2017 March 01.

ResumenLos parásitos juegan un papel crucial en la ecología de todos los animales. También parecen ser importantes en los mecanismos subyacentes a la selección sexual. En este artículo estudiamos la prevalencia, el efecto y el papel potencial en procesos de selección sexual del protozoario Trypanosoma evansi sobre el capibara (chigüire o carpincho), Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. Recolectamos las muestras en una finca ganadera en Venezuela donde se lleva a cabo la matanza anual de capibaras para aprovechar su carne. Usamos el volumen de la glándula del hocico (el "morrillo") como indicador de dominancia; los residuales del peso como indicadores de condición física; y los residuales del peso del bazo como indicadores de la función inmunológica. La prevalencia total fue de 30.9 % (N= 97) y no encontramos diferencia entre machos y hembras ni tampoco detectamos correlación entre estado de infección y condición física. Sin embargo, encontramos que los animales infectados tenían el bazo inflamado, lo que indica un costo inmunológico de la infección. Además los machos con morrillos más grandes (más dominantes) tendían a estar menos infectados que los machos con morrillos más pequeños (subordinados), lo cual sugiere que al escoger machos con morrillos grandes, las hembras pueden estar escogiendo machos saludables, lo cual es consistente con la visión "buenos genes" de la selección sexual.

Comparative histology in the liver and spleen of three species of freshwater teleost

We describe and compare the histology of liver and spleen ofGeophagus brasiliensis (Perciformes), Hypostomus francisci (Siluriformes) and Hoplias aff. malabaricus (Characiformes), tropical freshwater fishes. InG. brasiliensisandH. aff. malabaricusthe hepatocytes were arranged in tubular form whereas in H. franciscithey cord-like. In all species, hepatocytes presented glycogen, but in G. brasiliensis and H. aff. malabaricus they showed strong stained for hemossiderin in the cytoplasm. InG. brasiliensis and H. aff. malabaricus, melanomacrophage centres (MMCs) were associated to hepatic structures and only in G. brasiliensis was observed intrahepatic exocrine pancreas. The spleen, in all species, was characterized by red and white pulp without boundary between the two regions, but only in H. francisci was recorded nodular organization in splenic parenchyma. The G. brasiliensisandH. aff. malabaricuspresented in the white pulp MMCs linked mainly to ellipsoids. Besides, we observed large MMCs in the spleen in relation to liver of G. brasiliensis and H. aff. malabaricus. In liver, highest values of reticular fibers and collagen were observed inG. brasiliensis. In spleen, highest values of reticular fibers and collagen were recorded inH. aff. malabaricusandH. francisci, respectively. Histological differences confirm the hypothesis that the phylogenetic distance is reflected in liver and spleen.(AU)

Nós descrevemos e comparamos a histologia do fígado e do baço de Geophagus brasiliensis (Perciformes), Hypostomus francisci (Siluriformes) e Hoplias aff. malabaricus (Characiformes), peixes neotropicais de água doce. Em G. brasiliensis e H. aff. malabaricus os hepatócitos organizaram-se na forma tubular enquanto que em H. francisci eles apresentaram-se como cordões celulares. Em todas as espécies, os hepatócitos apresentaram glicogênio, mas em G. brasiliensis e H. aff. malabaricus, eles mostraram forte marcação para hemossiderina no citoplasma. Em G. brasiliensis e H. aff. malabaricus, centros melanomacrofágicos (CMMs) foram associados a estruturas hepáticas e somente em G. brasiliensis foi observado pâncreas exócrino intrahepático. O baço, em todas as espécies, foi caracterizado pela polpa vermelha e branca sem limites entre as duas regiões, mas somente em H. francisci foi registrado uma organização nodular no parênquima esplênico. G. brasiliensiseH. aff. malabaricusapresentaram na polpa branca CMMs associados principalmente a elipsoides. Além disso, nós observamos CMMs grandes no baço em relação ao fígado de G. brasiliensis e de H. aff. malabaricus. No fígado, valores altos de fibras reticulares e colágeno foram observado em G. brasiliensis. No baço, valores altos de fibras reticulares e colágeno foram registrados em H. aff. malabaricuseH. francisci, respectivamente. Diferenças histológicas confirmam a hipótese que a distância filogenética está refletida no fígado e no baço.(AU)

¿Facies o impressio en el bazo? / ¿Facies or impressio in the spleen?

Los principios de Terminologia Anatomica establecieron el uso del latín como idioma oficial, un único nombre por término, otorgar valor descriptivo a los términos y eliminación de epónimos. El avance de las ciencias médicas y su relación con las ciencias morfológicas ha requerido nuevas interpretaciones y modificaciones en relación a los términos anatómicos. En el año 2009 se iniciaron los Simposios Latinoamericano de Terminologia Anatomica, Histologica y Embryologica (SILAT), cuya tarea es revisar las terminologías latinas y sugerir la traducción a los idiomas español y portugués. Realizamos un análisis de los términos latinos Facies e Impressio, que significan cara e impresión, respectivamente. En Terminologia Anatomica latina revisamos los términos Facies renallis (A13.2.01.009), Facies gastrica (A13.2.01.010), Facies colica (A13.2.01.011) del bazo, traducidos al español por la Sociedad Anatómica Española (2001), como impresión renal, impresión cólica, impresión gástrica. Debido a lo anterior, realizamos un estudio de la configuración externa del bazo a través de observación directa y de las descripciones en tratados anatómicos. Identificamos la errada traducción del término Facies como impresión. Basándose en la terminología latina de otras estructuras, referidas anatómica y morfológicamente a la marca o estampado que deja una estructura sobre otra como Impressio, sugerimos cambiar en Terminologia Anatomica los términos Facies renallis, Facies gastrica, Facies colica del bazo por Impressio renalis splenis, Impressio gastrica splenis e Impressio colica splenis. El uso de términos anatómicos correctos permitirá una mejor comunicación en el ámbito de la docencia y la investigación científica.

Terminologia Anatomica principles establish the use of Latin as the official language, one single name per term, provide a descriptive value for terms and eliminate eponyms. The advancement of medical science and its relationship with morphological sciences has made necessary new interpretations and amendments in relation to anatomical terms. In 2009 the Latin American Symposium on Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Terminology (SILAT), whose responsibility is to review Latin terminology and suggest and recommend translation into Spanish and Portuguese, was initiated. We conducted an analysis of Facies and Impressio Latin terms meaning face and printing, respectively. In Latin Terminologia Anatomica we reviewed the terms Facies renallis (A13.2.01.009), Facies gastrica (A13.2.01.010), Facies colica (A13.2.01.011) spleen, translated into spanish by the Spanish Anatomical Society (2001) such as kidney printing, colic printing, gastric printing. In view of the above, we conducted a study of the external configuration of the spleen through direct observation and anatomical description treaties. We identified the mistranslation of the term Facies as a print. Based on the Latin Terminology of other structures, which anatomically and morphologically refer to the mark or indentation of one structure over another as Impressio, we suggest a change in Terminologia Anatomica of the terms Facies renallis, Facies gastrica, Facies colica of the spleen for Impressio renalis splenis, Impressio gastrica splenis and Impressio colica splenis. Using correct anatomical terms allows better communication in the teaching and scientific research fields.

Plastinación y descripción anatómica de hígado, bazo, estómago y riñones del delfín nariz de botella (Tursiops truncatus) / Plastination and anatomy description of organs of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

Se plastinaron y describieron cuatro diferentes órganos internos de delfín nariz de botella (Tursiops truncatus) obteniendo modelos didácticos, perdurables gracias a la técnica de plastinación realizada en ellos, haciéndolos inodoros, no tóxicos y manipulables que permiten el estudio de los órganos internos como son el estómago, riñones e hígado de T. truncatus, contribuyendo a los trabajos de anatomía no patológica en delfines que son de importancia ecológica, turística y económica para nuestro país. Las descripciones anatómicas permiten avanzar en el conocimiento sobre los órganos internos, y si bien es cierto que se ha realizado un esfuerzo por estudiarlos existen pocos trabajos anatómicos realizados en ellos. Siendo este artículo una contribución al estudio de estos cetáceos.

Four different internal organs of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) were plastinated and described, obtaining didactic models, which let their components to be modified in an unaltered context; the resulting specimens are opaque and firm, but not unbreakable, with an appearance similar to that of the living state. The anatomical descriptions were made in concordance with those of the authors presented within the antecedents of this study; reinforcing the knowledge that the internal organs of T. truncatus described here typify those of mammals in general aspects, since the great uniformity between their structural elements is revealed. Moreover, there are very few non-pathological anatomic studies about dolphins, even though various mophometric and behavioral studies have been carried out, it still can be considered that several biological aspects of bottlenose dolphins remain to be described.

Sonographic determination of normal spleen size in Turkish adults / Determinación ecográfica del tamaño normal del bazo en adultos turcos

The current study was undertaken to determine normal spleen dimensions and anthropometric evaluation by ultrasonography from females and males in our population. These measurements were taken using an ultrasonography. The mean values of the age, height, weight and body mass index (BMI) of subjects, spleen width (SW), spleen length (SL), spleen thickness (ST) and spleen volume calculated with elipsoid formula; length x width x thickness x 0.524 were taken. These measurements were found to be 36.37±10.83 years, 164.22±4.72 cm, 60.26±7.11 kg, 22.30±2.09 kg/m2, 7.58±1.56 cm, 9.87±1.28 cm, 3.34±0.79 cm and 136.05±61.14 cm3 in females respectively. Additionally, in males same dimensions were 40.50±12.77 years, 174.41±6.57 cm, 76.33±8.54 kg, 25.06±2.10 kg/m2, 8.75±1.84 cm, 11.01±1.186 cm, 4.12±1.09 cm and 220.70±115.35 cm3 respectively. The observations presented in this report have defined anatomic parameters about spleen size that need to be taken into consideration for reference data to determine population discrepancies and helpful for radiologists and clinicians.

El objetivo fue determinar las dimensiones normales del bazo y realizar una evaluación antropométrica mediante ecografía en mujeres y hombres turcos. Fueron calculados los valores medios de edad, altura, peso, índice de masa corporal (IMC), ancho del bazo (AB), longitud del bazo (LB) y grosor del bazo (GB), junto al volumen del bazo mediante la fórmula elipsoide (largo x ancho x grosor x 0,524). Las mujeres presentaron una edad de 36,37±10,83 años, altura de 164,22±4,72 cm, peso de 60,26±7,11 kg, IMC de 22,30±2,09 kg/m2, AB de 7,58±1,56 cm, LB de 9,87±1,28 cm, GB de 3,34±0,79 cm y volumen del bazo de 136,05±61,14 cm3. Los hombres presentaron una edad de 40,50±12,77 años, altura de 174,41±6,57 cm, peso de 76,33±8,54 kg, IMC de 25,06±2,10 kg/m2, AB de 8,75±1,84 cm, LB de 11,01±1,186 cm, GB de 4,12±1,09 cm y volumen del bazo de 220,70±115,35 cm3. Nuestras observaciones han definido parámetros anatómicos sobre el tamaño del bazo, los cuales deben ser considerados como datos de referencia para determinar las discrepancias en la población, de utilidad para radiólogos y clínicos.

Phagocytic function of lower spleen pole and autogenous splenic implants in rats

PURPOSE: To investigate whether there are differences between the phagocytic function of the remaining lower spleen pole after subtotal splenectomy and autogenous splenic implants. METHODS: Thirty-six male Wistar rats, weighting 364 ± 60g were used. They were subjected to subtotal splenectomy preserving the lower spleen pole and to autogenous splenic implant in the greater omentum. Its viability was assessed microscopically. Phagocytic function was assessed by splenic uptake of the radioisotope-labeled colloid and by macrophages counting. RESULTS: The viability of the autogenous splenic implant and of the lower spleen pole was found in 33 animals, with no difference between them. The weight of the implants was higher than the lower pole of animals from groups G1, G7, G30, G60 and G120. The implants phagocytic function by radioisotope uptake was higher than the lower pole in G7 and G120 groups and it did not differ from the other groups. The number of macrophages was higher in G1, G60, G90 and G120 and did not differ from the other groups. CONCLUSION: Until the 16th week, the phagocytic function was more pronounced in autogenous splenic implants when compared with the lower spleen pole, but it became similar thereafter. .

Órganos abdominales: peso del hígado, bazo y riñones en relación a sexo, grupo étnico, edad e índice de masa corporal en individuos chilenos / Abdominal organs: weight of the liver, spleen and kidneys in relation to sex, ethnic group, age and body mass index in Chilean individuals

El aumento del peso de los órganos puede ser signo de enfermedades o anormalidades patológicas. Diversos estudios han llevado a la elaboración de tablas con los pesos estándar de los diferentes órganos en diversos grupos poblacionales. Basados en esta premisa, determinamos el peso del hígado, bazo y riñones en dos grupos de individuos Chilenos, Mapuches (M) y No-Mapuches (n-M), de ambos sexos y relacionamos los resultados con la edad e índice de masa corporal (IMC). El peso promedio del hígado en el hombre, con relación a la edad, aumenta levemente (n-M) o disminuye en un pequeño porcentaje (M). Sin embargo, en la mujer (M) el peso aumentó en un 22,8% En relación al IMC, el peso promedio del hígado, aumenta en los hombres de ambos grupos étnicos en alrededor de un tercio del peso registrado en personas con IMC de 20­25; en mujeres de ambos grupos el peso disminuye levemente. El peso del bazo, en relación a la edad, disminuye alrededor de un 4%, en hombres de ambos grupos étnicos y mujeres (n-M) a diferencia de las mujeres (M) que se incrementa en un 18%. En relación al IMC, el peso del bazo aumenta en los hombres de ambos grupos étnicos en alrededor de un 40%. Los riñones tienen un leve incremento en su peso promedio en ambos grupos. De acuerdo al IMC, el peso de los riñones aumenta en hombres de ambos grupos. En las mujeres (M) el peso se mantiene o disminuye levemente; en las mujeres (n-M) ambos riñones incrementan su peso. Los datos aportados en esta investigación servirán de referencia a la anatomía clínica y quirúrgica de los órganos abdominales de nuestra población.

The increase of organ weight may be a sign of disease or pathological abnormalities. Several studies have led to the development of tables with standard weights of different organs in various population groups. Based on this premise, we determined the weight of the liver, spleen and kidneys in two groups of Chilean individuals, Mapuche (M) and non-Mapuche (nM) of both sexes and related the results with age and body mass index (BMI). The average weight of the liver in man in relation to age, slightly increases (nM)) or decreases in small percentage (M). However, in women (M) its weight increased by 22.8% in relation to BMI, the average weight of the liver increases in males of both ethnic groups in about a third of the weight recorded in people with BMI 20­25; in women of both groups the weight decreases slightly. Spleen weight in relation to age, decreases by about 4% in men and women from both ethnic (nM) groups, unlike that of Mapuche women (M) where weight increased by 18%. In relation to BMI, spleen weight increased in males of both ethnic groups by about 40%. The kidneys had a slight increase in average weight in both groups. According to BMI, the kidney weights increased in males of both groups. In women (M) the weight is maintained or decreased slightly; in women (nM) both kidneys increase their weight. The data provided in this study will serve as a reference for clinical and surgical anatomy of the abdominal organs of our population.

An animal experimental study of porous magnesium scaffold degradation and osteogenesis

Our objective was to observe the biodegradable and osteogenic properties of magnesium scaffolding under in vivo conditions. Twelve 6-month-old male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. The chosen operation site was the femoral condyle on the right side. The experimental group was implanted with porous magnesium scaffolds, while the control group was implanted with hydroxyapatite scaffolds. X-ray and blood tests, which included serum magnesium, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine (CREA), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were performed serially at 1, 2, and 3 weeks, and 1, 2, and 3 months. All rabbits were killed 3 months postoperatively, and the heart, kidney, spleen, and liver were analyzed with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The bone samples were subjected to microcomputed tomography scanning (micro-CT) and hard tissue biopsy. SPSS 13.0 (USA) was used for data analysis, and values of P<0.05 were considered to be significant. Bubbles appeared in the X-ray of the experimental group after 2 weeks, whereas there was no gas in the control group. There were no statistical differences for the serum magnesium concentrations, ALT, BUN, and CREA between the two groups (P>0.05). All HE-stained slices were normal, which suggested good biocompatibility of the scaffold. Micro-CT showed that magnesium scaffolds degraded mainly from the outside to inside, and new bone was ingrown following the degradation of magnesium scaffolds. The hydroxyapatite scaffold was not degraded and had fewer osteoblasts scattered on its surface. There was a significant difference in the new bone formation and scaffold bioabsorption between the two groups (9.29±1.27 vs 1.40±0.49 and 7.80±0.50 vs 0.00±0.00 mm3, respectively; P<0.05). The magnesium scaffold performed well in degradation and osteogenesis, and is a promising material for orthopedics.

Ação da melatonina sobre a dinâmica sanguínea de ratas prenhes e sobre a histogênese do baço e do timo da prole / The action of melatonin on the blood dynamics of pregnant rats and on the histogenesis of the spleen and thymus of offspring

Investigou-se a influência da melatonina sobre o hemograma de ratas prenhes e dos filhotes e sobre a histogênese e morfometria do baço e do timo dos filhotes. A melatonina foi administrada na dose 0,5mg/kg de peso corporal, dissolvida em 0,1mL de etanol e diluída em 0,3mL de solução salina. Para análise do hematócrito, contagem total de hemácias e contagem total e diferencial dos leucócitos, amostras de sangue foram coletadas no sétimo, 14ºe 21ºdias de prenhez e aos 10 dias de nascimento dos filhotes. Cortes histológicos do baço e do timo da prole foram utilizados para histoquímica e morfometria. A ausência da melatonina promoveu alterações no hemograma apenas no terço final da gestação, sem interferir no hemograma dos filhotes, e induziu modificações morfológicas e morfométricas no timo e no baço nos primeiros dias de vida dos filhotes. Concluiu-se que a melatonina materna é importante para a modulação do hemograma em ratas prenhes e para o desenvolvimento normal do baço e do timo dos filhotes.

We investigated the influence of melatonin on the hemogram of pregnant rats and puppies, and on the histogenesis and morphology of the spleen and thymus of puppies. Melatonin was administered at a dose 0.5mg/kgbody weight, dissolved in 0.1mL of ethanol and diluted in 0.3mL of saline. For hematocrit analysis, total erythrocyte count and total and differential leukocyte count, blood samples were collected on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of pregnancy and the offspring at 10 days of birth. Histological sections of spleen and thymus of the offspring were used for histochemistry and morphometry. The absence of melatonin promoted changes in blood count only in the final third of gestation, without interfering with the hemogram of the puppies, and induced morphological and morphometric changes in the thymus and spleen in the first days of life of the puppies. It was concluded that maternal melatonin is important for the modulation of the blood count in pregnant rats and the normal development of the spleen and thymus of the offspring.

Effect of anthropometrical measurements on portal vein and hepatosplenic span

Deaths from liver disease have doubled over the last fifteen years. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are still the twelfth leading cause of death in the United States. Till date no comprehensive data has been documented in our part of the world which can help a clinician in diagnosing organomegaly. Improved hardware and knowing the exact dimensions of an organ with respect to its anthropometrical measurements can be of great importance in a radiological clinical routine. This article review was the result of recent clinical studies relating to portal vein, liver and spleen normograms in different populations which can show a comparison in accordance with their anthropometrical factors. Data from survey reports, cross-sectional and prospective studies published between the years 2003-2012 on the topic were included. Data searches included both human and cadaveric studies. The data was extracted from online resources of statistic reports, Pub med, THE MEDLINE, Google, Medical and Radiological journals. Sonographical analysis of the effect of anthropometrical measurements on the dimensions of portal vein, liver and spleen can be important markers for evaluation, diagnoses and assessment of portal hypertension, organomegaly and liver transplantation

Ultrasonographic scoring system score versus liver stiffness measurement in prediction of cirrhosis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We compared the cirrhosis-prediction accuracy of an ultrasonographic scoring system (USSS) combining six representative sonographic indices with that of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) by transient elastography, and prospectively investigated the correlation between the USSS score and LSM in predicting cirrhosis. METHODS: Two hundred and thirty patients with chronic liver diseases (187 men, 43 women; age, 50.4+/-9.5 y, mean+/-SD) were enrolled in this prospective study. The USSS produces a combined score for nodularity of the liver surface and edge, parenchyma echogenicity, presence of right-lobe atrophy, spleen size, splenic vein diameter, and abnormality of the hepatic vein waveform. The correlations of the USSS score and LSM with that of a pathological liver biopsy (METAVIR scoring system: F0-F4) were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean USSS score and LSM were 7.2 and 38.0 kPa, respectively, in patients with histologically overt cirrhosis (F4, P=0.017) and 4.3 and 22.1 kPa in patients with fibrotic change without overt cirrhosis (F0-F3) (P=0.025). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the USSS score and LSM for F4 patients were 0.849 and 0.729, respectively. On the basis of ROC curves, criteria of USSS > or =6: LSM > or =17.4 had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of 89.2%:77.6%, 69.4%:61.4%, 86.5%:83.7%, 74.6%:51.9% and 0.83:0.73, respectively, in predicting F4. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that this USSS has comparable efficacy to LSM in the diagnosis of cirrhosis.

Histological aspects of autologous transplantation of different fragments of the spleen in rats / Aspectos histológicos do transplante autólogo de diferentes fragmentos de baço em ratos

PURPOSE: To evaluate macro and microscopically the evolution of autotransplants of fragments of spleen different fragments in the greater omentum, after eight weeks of observation. METHODS: Twenty rats Wistar were used, males and adults, submitted to total splenectomy and divided in two groups. The group I - ten animals with implant of spleen fragment (25% weight of spleen) in the omentum; and group II - ten animals with implant of spleen fragment (30% weight of spleen) in the omentum. It was analyzed macro and microscopically the evolution of the implant. RESULTS: It was observed adherences to the adjacent tissues and vascularization in all of the fragments transplanted. The group I and II presented white pulp with follicular formations and lymphoid tissue preserved, and the red pulp in cordon aspect. The group II presented white pulp more disorganized and red pulp hemorrhagic. The active macrophages were observed in the group I and II. CONCLUSION: The splenic autotransplantation of the group I showed better regeneration.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar macro e microscopicamente a evolução do autotransplante de diferentes fragmentos de baço no omento maior, após oito semanas de observação. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 20 ratos Wistar, machos e adultos, submetidos a esplenectomia total e distribuídos em dois grupos. O grupo I - dez animais com implante de fragmento com 25% do peso do baço no omento e o grupo II - dez animais com implante de fragmento com 30% do peso do baço no omento. Foram observados macro e microscopicamente a evolução dos implantes. RESULTADOS: Foi observada no fragmento transplantado aderência aos tecidos adjacentes e vascularização preservada. Os grupos I e II apresentaram polpa branca e vascularização preservada, polpa branca com formação folicular e tecido linfóide preservado, e a polpa vermelha com aspecto cordonal. O grupo II apresentou polpa branca mais desorganizada e polpa vermelha hemorrágica. Os macrófagos ativos foram observados nos grupos I e II. CONCLUSÃO: O autotransplante esplênico do grupo I mostrou melhor regeneração.

Comparison of Visceral Fat and Liver Fat as Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome

The principal objective of this study was to determine whether visceral fat or liver fat is a more relevant risk factor for metabolic syndrome. A total of 98 subjects aged 18-65 yr, who visited a health promotion center in a university hospital, were enrolled in this study. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed based on the modified National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III report (NCEP-ATPIII) criteria. We defined the visceral obesity as a visceral fat area of > or = 100 cm2 which was acquired by CT at the L4-5 level. To evaluate fatty liver, we applied a liver-to-spleen attenuation ratio < or = 1.1 as measured by CT at the T12 level. We employed binary logistic regression models that used the presence or absence of metabolic syndrome as a dependent variable and age, sex, and the presence or absence of visceral obesity and fatty liver as independent variables. Visceral obesity was not found to be an independent variable as a risk factor of metabolic syndrome (odds ratio 2.7; 95% confidence interval 0.55-13.30), but fatty liver was found to be significant in this model (odds ratio 71.3; 95% CI 13.04-389.53). Our study suggests that liver fat may be a more important risk factor than visceral fat in terms of its association with metabolic syndrome.